Abstract

Fundamental physics appears to be rather bogged down in a vast and complex array of potential theories produced by mathematical modelling.  What is needed is some way of making some sort of guide as to how an area of theories that can be explored at a greater depth.  This paper introduces a potentially disprovable idea that might help to introduce some new areas of study for theoretical physicists and cosmologists.  This might just help to unblock this impasse even if a lot of what is presented here is incorrect.  The concept of an evolved universe has already been introduced by Lee Smolin in this book  "The Life Of The Cosmos"  where he suggests that the physical laws are balanced in a way that maximises the creation of black holes.  This takes this idea further and suggests the processes that might have allowed this to happen and makes initial suggestions as to how some aspects may be tested.

Critical Steps in the Evolutionary Cosmology Concept

This note aims to describe the critical logical and scientific steps in the process of developing my concept of an Evolutionary Cosmology that fits within current cosmological thinking.

Logical steps

These are steps in my thinking that lead to the consideration that the investigation of a possible physical process that might explain the origin of our universe as it is currently understood could be something worth considering by others with greater skills and experience than me.

1. Our studies of the earliest origins of our big bang cosmology are largely limited at the point of the cosmological microwave background and any imprints that may gave been left on it by earlier events.  However neutrino and primordial gravitational wave astronomy and spectroscopy may produce more insight if devices could be designed to perform the observations.
2. High energy experimental physics is also limited by similar horizons of practicality which prevent the direct observations of gravitational effects between fundamental particles.  
3. This means that speculating about the origin of our universe is the province of theoretical mathematical physics.
4. The current mathematical approach is on two fronts; firstly the search for "a theory of everything"  that fully explains the fundamental laws that govern all interactions that can be observed experimentally and can include the concept of a gravitational force, and secondly the development of a quantum theory of gravity that could then explain the origin of the universe and its physical laws. 
5. Current mathematical synthesis has produced a vast number of potential theories without any way of creating insight into which version is the most likely to be worth investigating at a deeper level.
6. It follows that a plausible physical approach could possibly produce this insight.
7. It has been shown that very small deviations in the values of the few physical constants that define the development of our universe through time would result in a universe that is very different from ours and probably does not have the complexity and variety that ours has.
8. The current approach to this is to assume that we exist as a rare example in a vast Multiverse where our constants settle out randomly during the initial Big Bang which just “happens” for no particular reason.
9. This is very unsatisfactory from a philosophical point of view.  It is also completely unaligned to our known behavior of interacting waves/particles at lower energies, where resonances during interactions cause metastable structures. Atoms, Molecules, Crystals,  to form as the temperature cools 
10. We have faced this problem before.  This was when science first started to consider the origins and evolution of life.  Could then an evolutionary solution be proposed for this cosmological problem?
11. Lee Smolin made the first step by suggesting that our physical laws appeared to be finely balanced to create the maximum number of stellar mass black holes during its lifetime.
12. If an evolutionary cosmology did exist where a universe could produce many progeny similar to itself, it could dominate a multiverse of cosmologies and make our universe much more probable. 
13. It is therefore worth looking further to see if an evolutionary cosmology could exist and a good place to star would be to study what could go on inside the event horizon of a stellar mass black hole as it forms.

The Initial concept stated simply

Our universe originated in the collapse of a stellar mass black hole in a universe, similar to ours. 

During the life of our universe which is dominated by what we call matter particles it will create many stellar mass black holes which themselves are new universes . 

Scientific steps

This details the critical scientific steps through the known properties of matter in our universe that allow me to propose this concept.  I will describe this in several major steps.  The each step is more tentative than the first.

Step 1  The release of gravitational energy to create the energy and matter required for a new universe

1. We are familiar with and can observe the release of gravitational energy during the collapse of cool clouds of interstellar gas and particles to form stars.  
2. Simple inverse square law energy release analysis integrating 1/r ² shows that for every reduction in the radius of an isolated (approximately spherical cloud) Mass M radius r  collapsing due to its self gravity releases energy in proportion to the reciprocal (1/r) of the radius it follows that for a change in radius from  r to r/2 releases a constant amount of energy.  This energy release increases the temperature of the gas and particles involved in the collapse and eventually it can form a star if the collapsing material is within a couple of orders of magnitude of the mass of the sun in either direction.
3. It is known that high mass stars of the order of ten solar masses or more can at the end of their lives collapse to form black holes.
4. A big conceptual problem is that the popular thinking about black holes considers that the event horizon (that is the point where the escape velocity required reaches the speed of light and it is no longer possible to receive information from what is within it at a distance.) is a total mystery, however this is not the true case.  
5. The final result inside this horizon or “singularity” may be, but the conditions as the horizon forms and for some limited time afterwards are well within the range of experimental physics and prediction 
6. During the formation of an event horizon in the sort of black holes created within our current universe,  that is mostly stellar mass black holes,  The conditions are well within the range of experimental high energy physics and the gravitational fields and gradients although very high would not affect the expected results significantly.
7. From point 6 there is therefore no reason to believe that the laws of physics suddenly change radically from immediately outside (observable)  to immediately inside  (not observable).
8. From point 7 it is therefore quite reasonable to consider what would happen to the material collapsing towards the theoretical singularity using currently observed physical laws right up to the limits of our understanding of high energy physics up to the point where any quantum theory of gravity might start to dominate the process.
9. During this process of collapse a great deal of gravitational energy will be released.  This tends towards infinity as a mathematical singularity is approached but this will not be observable outside of the black hole.
10. Some form of physical process will prevent this situation but it is clear that sufficient energy to form a universe is in theory available.
11. It is also likely that the conditions will also give pointers to the most probable quantum theories of gravity from the range of theories produced by mathematical synthesis. 

Step 2  An analysis of the processes going on during the collapse

1. As the temperature rises with the release of this gravitational energy a significant amount of the energy will be converted into matter and antimatter  by particle pair production this will continue to drive the collapse and result in a largely balanced quantity of matter and antimatter interacting.
2. It is highly probable that the black hole will contain a significant amount of initial angular momentum probably close to the maximum that a black hole of the originating mass can have.  This will result in a Kerr black hole structure where the collapse is not towards a point singularity but a ring (or toroidal surface due to the angular momentum residuals in other dimensions) singularity.
3. This increase in final state spatial dimensionality from zero to 1 (or 2) will result in a reduction in the rate of collapse and possibly the achievement of a stable collapse state as a minute toroidal surface containing all the energy of the collapse in the form of a quark lepton plasma.
4. Interactions between the particles and photons in this plasma will cause it to cool down (relatively) slowly  In fact the final dimension of space has in fact become a dimension of time.

Step 3  the conversion of the collapse towards the "singularity" into a "big bang" expansion.

1. It is also accepted that as space contracts inevitably to a reduced dimensional state and becomes "time like" time also expands to become "space like"
2. My critical thesis is that during this process the collapse of space becomes "time" and the expansion of time becomes space, that is the expanding space in a new universe.
3. Mathematically this has resulted in a change of sign in the equations  instead of the four dimensions of space time being x y z and -c  they are -x -y -z and c  
4. What then does this mean for the material of this new big bang universe.
5. If you take the wave equations of a matter particle moving and collapsing towards the singularity and reverse their signs you get an antimatter particle expanding from a point source  so a black hole ha been converted into a white hole in new dimensions that do not intersect with the collapsing dimensions.
6. The main structure of our universe is therefore explained by three complex dimensions of "space" and three complex dimensions of "time" of which only three space like dimensions and one time like are large at any time the remaining dimensions of time are curled up and colocated in time.  This goes a long way to explaining all the oddities of quantum theory because the universe is simultaneously very large in space and very small in the two time dimensions.
7. The universe started at a specific (tiny) instant of time, usually called the Big Bang. This instant of time is continually replicated throughout the universe as the (non observable) moment that I will call "Now".  It is non observable because of the finite velocity of light and is unique at every point in the universe.  All we can know about it is what happened some time late defined by our distance from the point but this instant happens at exactly the same instant throughout the universe and always will.  it is the origin of causality at every point in the universe.
8. This instant contains the antiparticle "ghosts" of every particle in the universe or of course conversly if we are in an antimatter phase of a universe

This is still work in progress there are other pages still to be added and this includes possible observations of our universe that could ad credence to this idea.

The developed concept stated simply

Our universe originated in the collapse of a stellar mass black hole in a universe, similar to ours but consisting largely of what we call antimatter.  It is probably still linked into this universe via a one way umbilicus in which antimatter particles can enter our universe but through which we cannot observe that universe.  

During the life of our universe which is dominated by what we call matter particles it will create many stellar mass black holes. 

Each of these black holes contain a universe similar to ours but consisting largely of what we call antimatter.  We can send particles but not complex objects into this universe from our universe but we can never receive any information back from it other than the standard behaviour of a black hole in our universe as it grows through the absorption of matter and energy or shrinks through Hawking radiation.
  

Important Outcomes of this hypothesis

1. There is an important fact that is true but seldom appreciated.  That is there is a true instant of time "now" in the universe we cannot see it because all we can see in the universe is the results of events that may have happened at this instant delayed by the velocity of light.  If time was multidimensional and contained two complex compacted dimensions and changes in the phase of these dimensions would provide a perfectly rational explanation of many of the oddities associated with quantum interactions notably  entangled particles.
2. By definition half of the energy in the universe would be locked into these compacted complex time dimensions as Dark Energy considerably reducing the Dark matter - Dark energy balance problem  the current dark matter dark energy figures are  68% dark energy,  27% dark matter, 5% normal matter.  The new figures would then be   50% collapsing antimatter universe driver energy in time, 27% Dark Matter, 18% dark Energy, 5% Normal Matter.
3. Dimensionality in the concept of a universe that switches between space and time across an event horizon. Waves and orbits in any dimension require complex numbers to describe them.  That is each dimension may have a real and an imaginary component. In our universe with three dimensions of space and one of time the space dimensions are Therefore really complex (or possibly hyper complex) that is each of the three dimensions has a complex partner describing the cyclic processes that are going on.   That is we live in a universe with three complex dimensions of space and one of time ie seven dimensions. “Time” appears to be a simple linear processes us. But always contains a “now” instant we can neve really see.  The collapsing antimatter universe that drives the Big Bang  in the evolutionary cosmology concept also has two remaining complex dimensions now dimensions of time one of the dimensions has become our linear time dimension, this adds another four dimensions to the total dimensionality of the universe.   This gives us a total of eleven dimensions.   This number of dimensions is very significant because it is the currently preferred number of dimensions for string theories.
4. This in turn suggests that string theorists should consider seriously the collapsing toroidal surface of time dimensions driving an expanding three dimensional space and one of time Big Bang  as a possible start to work out a quantum theory of gravity.

A statement of where I feel current thinking is a bit weak

As always in science there are fashions and areas where interest develops and other areas that are neglected for many reasons.  I am not one of those people who say "they've got it all wrong" I agree with a great deal of the work but fell that theoreticians appear to be missing a few dark corners here and there and I would like to point these out.

1. In general all scientists concentrate too much on what an observer would see ad the looked from a distance at a process.  This is understandable in some ways because it is producing information that astronomers could observe and measure.  However it is final to consider what the local material in any situation would experience during processes because this shows the true effects of causality.  The most critical aspect of this is at the event horizon of a black hole.  There is absolutely no reason to believe that atoms and particles  crossing the event horizon of a black hole of the sorts of size that we can observe (ie down to solar mass black holes)  would be affected greatly and the laws of physics would changer in any way.
2. Current high energy physics can take us back into the area a few microseconds after the big bang and the theory fits what happens as the universe expands.  In spite of a thorough search I have failed to find anyone who has used this proved theory to examine what happens during the initial collapse of a black hole towards the theoretical "singularity".  Surely this could also give us some insight into the development of a theory of everything.  Because of this I have had to develop my own.
3. It is largely accepted that the physical laws and constants come out of the process of the big bang but these are usually considered to be set randomly whereas in all real cases of symmetry breaking in normal physics and also quantum interactions this is not the case.  The results actually depend on energy valleys and resonances that’s extend the time certain states hold together before decaying under the effect of the local “noise” level.
4. There is a strong tendency to concentrate on the concept of “particles” Because they are much easier to describe and observe in the same way that digital communications prefers bits of information whereas in reality the bits are in fact wave packets as are the particles the fundamental state of the universe are waves in all the dimensions available to them.   Communications research and signal analysis has created a great deal of knowledge about signals as wave packets or wavelets. Some of this knowledge may well be of great use theoreticians working in this area.